Oilville?
How Oilville, Virginia got its unusual name. While sleuthing
the origin and location of Oilville’s forgotten history, you will learn about
Sassafras (Virginia ' s forgotten second most important export), a short
history of Root Beer, and how an illegal Virginia party drug can affect
Cambodian forests.
The exit names along
Interstate 64 between Richmond and Charlottesville present a diversion for the
truly bored, or for those with imagination.
Rockville-Manakin? No, the name
Rockville does not come from the fact that here is the fall line separating the
sedimentary alluvial plain from the rocky piedmont. Rockville had a postmaster
named Rock. Manakin received it name
because the Huguenot settlers mispronounced the Monacan Indian village they
occupied in the 1700s. Gum Springs and
Hadensville seem obvious enough. The
Louisa-Ferncliff exit was charmingly used as the pseudonym of a Charlottesville
WTJU radio personality, as well as the name of a character in Chickahominy Fever: A Civil War Mystery,
penned by Richmonder Ann McMillan.
Most people know Short Pump
was a place where there was a pump with a short handle. But what about Oilville’s name? Located in
Goochland County, it is a small unincorporated community. One the first coal mines in America was near
here. Could there be a La Brea style oil
seep nearby? Or, being located on US Rt. 250, was it a popular pit stop for oil
thirsty Model “T‘s”. My email to the Goochland County Historical Society
produced a surprising answer. There was a Sassafras oil producing plant there
in the 1900‘s.
The Virginia Tech’s web site
teaches us that Sassafras Albidum is
a widely distributed eastern tree known for its aromatic nature. It is a pioneer
on abandoned and neglected lands, and provides browse material and fruit for
wildlife. It matures into a small to
medium sized tree up to 60 feet tall. Its
blooms are small but quite showy, bright yellow-green. The twigs have a
spicy-sweet aroma when broken. The bark is brown, becoming coarsely
ridged and furrowed; when cut the spicy aroma is obvious. Its leaves are distinctive,
3 to 6 inches long with 1 to 3 lobes; the 2-lobed leaf resembles a mitten, the
3-lobed leaf resembles a trident; green above and below and fragrant when
crushed. In the fall they turn a
brilliant red, yellow, and orange color.
3 lobed sassafras leaves showing fall coloration
1, 2 and 3 lobe leaves
The sassafras tree was first
noted by Europeans in 1512 when Ponce de Leon landed in Florida, mistaking it
for a type of cinnamon tree. It was sometimes characterized as North America’s
“only native spice”. An early reference to it was in a list of drugs imported
from the "Province of Virginia" into England in 1610.
For a time in the 1600’s, Sassafras was
America’s number two export to Europe, just behind tobacco. The Europeans no
doubt learned its practical and medicinal uses from the Native Americans.
Somehow in Europe it got a reputation as a treatment for syphilis and as a
tonic for longevity, explaining its popularity.
It was primarily used as a
medicine for infections, and a spring tonic.
The wood, being rot resistant was used in fencing and canoe
manufacture. As an aromatic wood , it was thought to repel
insects, particularly lice. The bark produced
a fine orange dye, called Shikih by
Native Americans. And the
Cajuns learned from the Native Americans that the leaves, when dried and ground
into a powder, produced a flavorful thickener for gumbo, called filé.
While initially prepared by
boiling dried root bark in a tea, oil of sassafras became the first volatile
oil distilled in North America. The entire tree, including the most potent
grubbed up roots, would be cut up and placed in stills, which would be heated
by burning the wood already so distilled.
Sassafras still in Lexington Virginia
Small sassafras still
The resulting distillate
contained 80% Safrole, a yellowish or reddish-yellow liquid with a characteristic
odor, and an aromatic taste. The oil was
placed in casks, and shipped to Richmond or Baltimore. Virginia, along with
Pennsylvania and Maryland, were the principal producers of the oil. Buckingham County was a major Virginia
production area. In 1860, as much as 50,000 lbs. of sassafras oil are said to
have entered the market from Baltimore alone.
In addition to its medicinal
uses, and as a fragrance in perfumes, candles and soaps, it was always the
primary flavoring ingredient in Root Beer.
Root Beer got its start as a
tonic, but became a very popular beverage. It was produced for years in homes
and sold in small quantities in shops and pharmacies. In 1876, Charles Hires
was the first to commercially produce root beer in bottles. The
ingredients varied, and tended toward the complex. A list of ingredients
from a 1922 pamphlet about Hires Root Beer demonstrated the variety of its particular
recipe:
Birch Bark, Chirreta, Dog Grass, Ginger, Hops, Northwest Juniper Berries, Licorice, Sarsaparilla, Sugar, Vanilla, Wintergreen, and Yerba Mate.
Birch Bark, Chirreta, Dog Grass, Ginger, Hops, Northwest Juniper Berries, Licorice, Sarsaparilla, Sugar, Vanilla, Wintergreen, and Yerba Mate.
But in 1960, the Root Beer
industry was unrooted. It was then that the FDA, citing evidence that the
primary component in Sassafras oil, safrole, caused liver cancer in rats,
banned it‘s consumption. Soon the food chemists had produced a substitute that
was acceptable to the general public, if not the purist. But the oil also helped produce the beer’s
characteristic fine foam head, which proved difficult to fake. It was finally discovered that yucca root,
first used by the Navaho as a soapy shampoo, could help hold a head.
If you insist on authentic
Sassafras taste in your beer, what are your options? Several chemical companies
offer ‘Artificial Sassafras Oil”, but do not disclose what it is.
Pappy's Sassafras Concentrate
seems to offer the most authentic option. Pappy’s web site promises that it is
“still brewed the old fashion way from sassafras root bark. Pappy's
Sassafras Tea is also very healthy for you as it is Safrole Free.”
They
don’t explain how they can brew sassafras bark, and then remove the essential
Safole oil with its characteristic aroma and taste, and still taste and smell
like sassafras. Could it be that in
reality the addition of the “natural flavors” coyly noted in Root Beer extracts
are actually imitating Safrole?
For the truly daring, there
is a solution. An expedition to a local
health food store revealed authentic dried Sassafras root, though it was found
in the medicinal herb section. The
container had pasted to its back a gentle warning: “Do not use frequently.”
I approached Oilville at
55mph on Rt. 250, leaving behind Short Pump, which was metastasizing its store
fronts into the Henrico County farmland. . Oilville has one restaurant, one
service station, a small strip mall that is for sale or lease, and a single
stoplight, kept company by a Sheets. It does have its own post office,
however. You don’t even have to slow
down as you traverse its one mile length, unless you catch the light, which
invites you to get quickly back on the interstate paralleling Rt. 250. And
other than the identifying road signs on the east and west approach, and at the
post office, there is nothing to indicate that you are in Oilville, the site of
a Sassafras production facility so important to the area, that in the past they
changed the town’s name to commemorate it. No historical sign, no plaque,
nothing. Even the Web was mostly unhelpful, and even worse, wrong. The only mention is on Epodunk’s Oilville
entry: “The community was named for a sassafras oil press.” There is no such
thing as a sassafras oil press.
To try to learn more, I drive
to the relative bustle of Goochland Courthouse, the location of the Goochland
County Historical Society. Sprawling and
sparsely occupied, Goochland’s County seat sits at the intersection of Rt. 522
and Rt. 6, perched on a plateau just above the James River.
The small Historical Society
museum is worth a visit. The helpful
staff there were able to only find a few photographs, and one reference to the
sassafras factory. In the Goochland County Historical Society Magazine Vol.26
from 1994, Wendell Watkins reminisces about his childhood in an article titled The
Oilville Mill. He recalls that local
legend had it that Oilville was an important stage coach stop on Three Chopt Road,
known then as Horsepen Mills. He said
that when a sassafras oil mill was set up there, it then became known as
Oilville. He recalled “as a very small boy, I remember the sassafras logs laying
about the woods and the holes where the stumps had been dug out. They used the stumps and roots only for
distilling the oil.” He noted that “On
the east side of the creek, papa owned the store, the mill and a sawmill…” Given Mr. Watkins birth date of 1897, this
would place the sassafras plant there in the early 1900’s. All of Mr. Watkins other
references to “mill” in his memoirs appear to refer to his father’s flour
mill. However, his description of the
location of the mill was key to locating the site of the oil extraction.
Modern sassafras oil
extraction continues, primarily Brazilian sassafras oil, obtained from the
trunk wood of Ocotea pretiosa (misnamed Brazilian sassafras or American
cinnamon), and Chinese sassafras oil from Cinnamomum camphora (Camphor Tree),
though other natural sources exist. The
oil is then converted primarily into two legal chemicals: heliotropin, which is
used as a fragrance and flavoring agent, and piperonal butoxide (PBO), a
synergistic ingredient of pyrethroid insecticides.
However, it is in dance clubs
and raves that the demand for an illegal hallucinogenic party drug creates the
potential for deforestation in Cambodia.
Sassafras oil is the primary precursor in the illegal synthesis of MDMA,
or Ecstasy. In
2009 Fauna & Flora International, a group dedicated to conserve threatened species and ecosystems worldwide,
announced that they had helped destroy illegal sassafras oil factories in the
Cardamom Mountains in Cambodia. The
factories were distilling the oil from the “exceptionally rare Mreah Prew Pnom
trees”, and “causing enormous damage to the surrounding forest ecosystem.”
It is, however, unclear how
much of the illegal harvest actually is diverted to ecstasy production, as
opposed to being sold for legitimate purposes.
Back in Virginia, I return to
Oilville. Armed with my trusty Virginia
Gazetteer, with its topographic maps, and the clues from Mr. Watkins, I search
Rt. 250, old Three Chopt Road, for a creek.
Horsepen Creek crosses Rt.250 just west of Oilville Road. I pull off on
the south side of the road, and skirting the no trespassing signs, walk into
the woods behind a crumbling service station.
Traces of an old, indistinct asphalt road disappear into the woods along
the east side of the creek. It appears that in the past, the old Oilville road
went by here. In the woods I find that the substantial mill dam remains, though
breached long ago. This is clearly the site of the Oilville Mills, and
according to Wendell Watkins description, the site of the Oilville Sassafras oil
plant.
Mill dam at Horsepen Creek
In the quiet, lonely glade, I
look at gentle Horsepen Creek. Once, harnessed by the dam, it powered groaning
machinery that turned a 2 ton granite millstone to skillfully grind, but not
mash, the grain. I imagine creaking,
clattering horse drawn wagonloads of sassafras logs and stumps, grubbed up from
all over the Piedmont, being delivered to the Sassafras oil plant here at
Oilville, to be sawn, distilled, and the fragrant oil delivered to Richmond and
Baltimore. But now, except for the dam ruins, absolutely nothing remains of the
mill, the still and store.
Grubbing sassafras roots
The written record is so sparse.
And Wendell Watkins died in 1991. Before I walk out of the otherwise
unrevealing woods, I spy a likely small sapling. I pull it out of the ground and smell the
bruised bark. Sassafras!
Wick Hunt
Photo credits: Period photos from The Volatile Oils, by Eduard Gildemeister and Friedrich Hoffman, 1916. Accessed utilizing Google Books.
All others by Wick Hunt